Animal and plant species may be added to, removed from, or moved between appendices at the regular Conference of the Parties meetings, which are held approximately every three years. Any changes to Appendices I or II require approval by two-thirds of CITES Parties. Listing a species on Appendix III is conducted by individual Parties and can occur at any time.
| Appendix I | Includes plants and animals that are threatened with extinction. | CITES prohibits international commercial trade in specimens from these species. International trade is only permitted for exceptional non-commercial circumstances, such as for scientific research, and must be accompanied by export and import permits. |
| Appendix II | Includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction yet, but which may become so if the threats to their survival, such as trade, are not sufficiently addressed. | International trade in specimens from species listed on Appendix II requires an export permit or re-export certificate. Permits and certificates should only be granted if certain conditions are met, namely that trade will not be detrimental to the species’ survival and that the specimen being traded was legally acquired. |
| Appendix III | Includes species that are not necessarily threatened by extinction globally. | Species are listed on Appendix III by individual Parties to secure international assistance in controlling trade in that species. International trade involving Parties that have listed a species on Appendix III is allowed only with appropriate permits or certificates. |
EIA regularly attends CITES meetings in order to increase and safeguard protections for threatened species, improve enforcement of the Convention, and hold relevant Parties accountable for their roles in the illegal wildlife trade. CITES provides important opportunities to protect tree species that are in high demand and subject to illegal logging and timber smuggling, and to ban the global trade in wildlife products that drive poaching of threatened species like elephants and rhinos. It also generates useful data for tracking trade in CITES-listed species and presents a framework for collaboration among authorities of both range states and consumer countries to make the trade in certain timber products like precious woods transparent and sustainable. However, the implementation and enforcement of CITES is not without its challenges, including those of lack of oversight, enforcement, and political will. While the CITES convention isn’t perfect, it is an important regulatory tool EIA strives to work within and improve to protect wildlife and timber species from the threat of trade.
